Friday, December 10, 2021

Doctoral INPhINIT Fellowships by "La Caixa" Foundation



Do you want to start your research career?  


”La Caixa” Foundation's doctoral fellowships programme INPhINIT is now open. This programme supports the best scientific talent to promote innovative, excellence research in Spain and Portugal.

Apply for a PhD fellowship and give your story a boost.

 

Incoming: 35 fellowships for researchers of all nationalities to carry out their PhD at Spanish centres with Severo Ochoa or María de Maeztu accreditation, Carlos III Health Research

Institutes, and Portuguese centres classed as “excellent” by the Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia. Incoming fellowships are addressed exclusively to STEM disciplines.

The BCBL-INPHINIT Programme is offering 10 different PhD thesis projects within this modality.

 

Retaining: 30 fellowships for researchers of all nationalities to carry out their PhD in any discipline and at any university or research centre in Spain or Portugal.

 

More information:

https://fundacionlacaixa.org/en/doctoral-fellowships-inphinit-call


Thursday, December 9, 2021

Program Officer job at NIDCD

The NIDCD will, in January, be welcoming  applications for a professional track Health Scientist Administrator (HSA Program Officer) with expertise and research experience in language and language disorders. A doctoral degree in speech-language pathology, psychology/neuropsychology, linguistics or other fields with a  focus in communication is preferred and individuals at early to mid career stages are strongly encouraged to apply.   Responsibilities for this position will be to oversee an active and growing research portfolio related to language and language disorders.  In addition, the individual in this position will create, develop and lead activities associated with this research area;  serve as the contact and resource within the institute, the NIH and beyond, for all issues related to language and language disorders; as well as interact with various groups within and across NIH. 

 

NIDCD is looking for a motivated,  enthusiastic individual with research credentials and scientific expertise who will welcome the challenges and rewards of leading language and language disorders research for NIDCD.  We are  committed to creating a diverse environment:  All qualified applicants will receive consideration without regard to race, color, religion, gender, gender identity or expression, sexual orientation, national origin, genetics, disability, age, or veteran status. At NIDCD, we have a clear vision: to be the place where a diverse mix of talented people do their best work.  The salary is based upon individual qualifications and professional experience.  A full benefits package is available.  

 

The vacancy announcement for HSA Program Officer will be posted on 1/18/22 and closes on 1/27/22  at http://jobs.nih.gov/globalrecruitment.   Please contact Judith Cooper with questions or interest cooperj@nidcd.nih.gov

Tuesday, November 30, 2021

David Kemmerer's Cognitive Neuroscience of Language textbook (via David Kemmerer)


The 2nd edition of David Kemmerer's Cognitive Neuroscience of Language textbook is expected to appear in April or May, 2022.  If you use the code DKE20, you can get a 20% discount when you order the book from Psychology Press.  

 

The preface is copied below.  It describes which aspects of the 1st edition have been retained, and which aspects of the 2nd edition are new.  In addition, note that an "eBook+" version will be available, as well as a website containing PowerPoint slides, test questions, and links to relevant videos.

 

Preface:

 

Welcome to the second edition!  During the six years since the first one appeared, the branch of cognitive neuroscience that focuses on language has continued to flourish.  Countless new experiments have been conducted, several major theories have been refined, three large volumes of survey chapters have been published (Hickok & Small, 2015; Hagoort, 2019; de Zubicaray & Schiller, 2019), a brand new journal called Neurobiology of Language was recently introduced, and the Society for the Neurobiology of Language has significantly grown (www.neurolang.org).

 

My primary aim in preparing this second edition of the textbook was to keep pace with these advances in the field.  But I also wanted to preserve the general approach of the first edition, so the following features have been retained:

 

·       Broadly speaking, the book's purpose is to give students, teachers, researchers, and clinicians a solid, accessible overview of what is currently known about how our brains enable us to perceive and produce language.  More narrowly, it has been designed for use in courses offered to graduate students and upper-level undergraduate students.  Although much of the content is inherently challenging, no previous knowledge of either neuroscience or linguistics is required, since technical terms and important principles from both disciplines are explained along the way.

 

·       After covering background material about the human brain and aphasia syndromes in Parts I-II, almost all of the chapters in Parts III-VI draw upon prominent theoretical models that characterize particular linguistic domains at both cognitive and neurobiological levels of analysis.  In addition, these core chapters illustrate how the different components of the models are supported, and in some cases challenged, by experiments employing diverse brain mapping techniques.  A special effort has been made to describe many of these experiments in considerable detail, providing information about their goals, methods, results, and implications.  The rationale for such an in-depth approach is that it may help students understand not only how empirical studies are carried out, but also how they contribute to the dynamic interplay between theory and data.

 

At the same time, however, several aspects of this second edition are new and deserve to be highlighted here:

 

·       Following the lead of a 2016 paper by Pascale Tremblay and Anthony Steven Dick called "Broca and Wernicke are dead, or moving past the classic model of language neurobiology," minimal use is made of the traditional terms "Broca's area" and "Wernicke's area" because it is now abundantly clear that they are not only obsolete but confusing.  Instead, more precise anatomical terms are used when necessary.  This point is elaborated near the end of Chapter 1.

 

·       To capture some of the most salient developments in the field during the past six years, all of the chapters from the first edition have been revised and updated.  Some of them, however, have been modified much more than others.  The ones that have undergone the greatest changes are as follows:  Chapter 5 ("Speech perception"); Chapter 6 ("Speech production"); Chapter 8 ("Object nouns"); Chapter 9 ("Action verbs"); Chapter 10 ("Abstract words"); Chapter 13 ("Sentence comprehension"); Chapter 14 ("Discourse"); and Chapter 15 ("Reading and writing").

 

·       Because research on the neural substrates of bilingualism has been rapidly accelerating, and because students are often quite interested in this topic, a separate chapter is now devoted to it—namely, Chapter 17 ("The bilingual brain").

 

·       The table of contents has been reorganized in such a way that the chapters on reading/writing and sign language are now in Part VI ("Other topics") toward the end of the book, together with the chapter on bilingualism.  Each of these chapters, however, can be read on its own, independently from the other chapters in the book.

 

Monday, July 19, 2021

University of Freiburg – Research Assistant position


We are seeking a full-time or part time research assistant to support and manage research

projects at the Department of Neurology. We study how the brain works and how it recovers

from damage. Clinical and neuropsychological behavioural tests (eg: language, spatial

processing, praxis, spatial perception, memory) are correlated with brain anatomy and

function (eg: fMRI, rsfMRI, DTI, sMRT, PET, TMS) in group studies of patients (mainly

stroke, Parkinson’s disease and migraine). In a large scale project carefully selected stroke

patients (first ever stroke, single ischemic lesion) are prospectively tested during acute stage

and follow-up (currently > 800 enrolled). The group is part of Freiburg Brain Imaging (FBI),

an interfaculty assembly of departments interested in scientific brain imaging, strong links

exist with the Bernstein Centre of computational neuroscience, the Herman Paul Centre of

linguistics and the faculties of biology, psychology, sport and sport sciences and informatics.

 

Responsibilities:

Within our large scale project: screening, recruitment and caring for study

patients during the visit; conducting and evaluating language tests/or general behavioural

tests; maintenance and further development of databases, static analysis, co-supervision of

doctoral students, research assistants and interns; support in managing the project.

Contributions to the experimental design of new studies and opportunity to work on your own

scientific projects if you are qualified to do so

 

Required qualification:

- BA or Master in Psychology, Biology, Linguistics, cognitive Science, Neuroscience, or

speech therapist with adequate abilities

 

Preferred qualifications:

- Experience or interest in the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic neurological

patients

- Knowledge of imaging and neuroanatomy

- Excellent computer and statistical skills (e.g. MS Office, SPSS)

- must be able and willing to acquire a command of German to enable interaction with our

patients

 

We offer you:

- working in a committed, interdisciplinary team with many years of internationally renowned

expertise in neuroscience, neuroanatomy as well as clinical care of patients

- a varied and responsible field of work with a high degree of independence

- opportunity for further scientific qualification

- training in advanced imaging techniques or neuropsychological testing

 

The position is available on a full/part-time basis for an initial period of 3 years. After a

positive evaluation, tenure is available.

Please apply with your complete documents (cover letter, curriculum vitae, list of

publications, references) by 1.9.2021 via our online portal (https://www.uniklinikfreiburg.

de/karriere/stellenangebote.html) or email to: hannelore.griesbaum@uniklinikfreiburg.

de

 

If you have any questions, please contact us by e-mail at: cornelius.weiller@uniklinikfreiburg.

de


Thursday, May 27, 2021

Research Professors & Research Associates positions at the BCBL- Basque Center on Cognition Brain and Language

 Research Professors & Research Associates positions at the BCBL- Basque Center on Cognition Brain and Language (San Sebastián, Basque Country, Spain) www.bcbl.eu


The Basque Center on Cognition Brain and Language (San Sebastián, Basque Country, Spain) offers Research Professors & Research Associates research fellow positions in seven main broad areas of research:


Language development across the life span

Speech perception, productions and disorders

Reading and dyslexia

Multilingualism

Neurodegeneration, brain damage and rehabilitation

Language and other cognitive systems

Advanced methods in cognitive neuroscience

 

The Center promotes a rich research environment without substantial teaching obligations. It provides access to the most advanced behavioral and neuroimaging techniques, including 3 Tesla MRI, a whole-head MEG system, four ERP labs, a NIRS lab, a baby lab including an eyetracker, two eyetracking labs, and several well-equipped behavioral labs.  There are excellent technical support staff and research personnel (PhD and postdoctoral students).


We are looking for cognitive neuroscientists or experimental psychologists with a background in psycholinguistics and/or neighboring cognitive neuroscience areas, computational modelers, and physicists and/or engineers with fMRI/MEG expertise.


These permanent positions are for researchers willing to develop a long-term scientific career in the Basque Country. This call is open both to established researchers as Research Associates, with 8 to 12 years of postdoctoral experience; and senior leading researchers as Research Professors, with longer research experience. The applicants must have their PhD completed before January 2013.


Applications from women researchers are specially welcome.


An acceptance letter of the host institution Scientific Director is mandatory.


To submit your application please follow this link https://calls.ikerbasque.net/

 

Deadline: September 10, 2021, at 13:00, CET


For further information please contact the Scientific  Director of BCBL, Manuel Carreiras (info@bcbl.eu)

Friday, April 16, 2021

PhD Student position at the BCBL- Basque Center on Cognition Brain and Language (San Sebastián, Basque Country, Spain)

 PhD Student position at the BCBL- Basque Center on Cognition Brain and Language (San Sebastián, Basque Country, Spain) www.bcbl.eu


  1. INFORMATION ABOUT THE POSITION 
  • Position: PhD student
  • Researcher Profile: First Stage Researcher (R1- up to the point of PhD)
  • Number of vacancies: 1
  • Project: Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness through the Plan Nacional RTI2018 093547 B I00 (LANGCONN)
  • Location:  Spain > Donostia-San Sebastian
  • Research Field: Neuroscience > Cognition and Language
  • Type of contract/Duration of Contract : Temporary >  4 years
  • Job Status: Full-time
  • Hours per week: 35
  • Starting date: 01/07/2021 (flexible)
  • Application deadline: 31/05/2021
  • Information about the project: The Basque Center on Cognition Brain and Language – BCBL- (Donostia-San Sebastián, Basque Country, Spain)

A predoctoral position to work on a translational research project is available in the Neurobiology of Language group, headed by Dr. Manuel Carreiras, at Basque Center on Cognition, Brain, and Language (BCBL).  The appointment is for four years. Starting date is flexible. The project is aimed at investigating to what extent the human brain connectome could be used to identify biomarkers of postsurgical cognitive recovery using presurgical neuro-anatomical and functional information in patients with diffuse low-grade glioma (DLGG).

Project summary: DLGG is a primary brain tumor affecting young individuals in full possession of his/her cognitive faculties. The slow growth of this type of lesion allows the brain to reorganize its structure and functions hampering the onset of the cognitive symptoms. However, DLGG unavoidably evolves to become a more invasive type of tumor, at the expense of both survival and cognitive functional prognosis. This translational project lies at the nexus of neurosergery, neuroscience, biomedical imaging, computer science and statistics. Its long-term goal is to build an accurate and reliable model capable of predicting patient’s postsurgical cognitive recovery. This is a primary need, for both clinicians and patients, promoting better outcomes for surgeries, longer life expectancy and better quality of life for patients. The tools we are planning to develop will allow surgical teams to tailor interventions on a patient-by-patient basis, both before and after the surgery. By applying machine learning algorithms using a compendium of clinical, behavioral, structural, and connectomic features from a large sample of individuals with DLGG and healthy controls we will be able to investigate how the appearance of a brain lesion impacts brain network dynamics, and whether this network malleability represents an adaptive advantage for post-surgery brain recovery processes.

Job description: The selected candidate will participate in several studies that combine clinical parameters, behavioral and neuroimaging data. His/her work will be focused (though not exclusively) on the acquisition, processing and analysis of functional and diffusion images (DTI) of pathological and healthy participants. The candidate will have the opportunity to be involved in a translational research project where clinical research groups, neuroimaging and basic research collaborate and will be able to develop the doctoral thesis project in the field of neuroimaging and neuroplasticity. In addition, the selected candidate will have access to cutting edge research facilities, including MEG, EEG, fMRI, eye-tracking and psychophysics laboratories.

PI and research group: Dr. Manuel Carreiras - Neurobiology of Language group.

  1. CANDIDATES’ PROFILE AND SELECTION CRITERIA

Required skills:

  • Possession of a Master degree in cognitive neuroscience, biomedical engineering, experimental psychology or any other related area.
  • A strong level of written and spoken English and Spanish.
  • Programming skills in Matlab, Python, or R environments.

 

Desirable skills: 

  • Research experience with MRI/fMRI
  • Knowledge of SPM and FSL.
  • A strong methodological and theoretical background in cognitive neuroscience, biomedical engineering, or related fields.
  • Previous experience of using machine learning.
  • Basic skills in statistics, sound processors and graphics.
  •  
  1. WORKING CONDITIONS

Salary: 17.000 Euros per year (gross salary)

Entitlements and other benefits: https://www.bcbl.eu/en/join-us/what-is-like-to-work-bcbl

Training opportunities and Career development plan: 

Researchers at any stage of their career, regardless of their contractual situation, are given an opportunity for professional development and for improving their employability through access to a Personal Career Development Plan which includes

(1) Training through individually personalized research projects under senior supervision

(2) Exchanging knowledge with the scientific community and the general public

(3) Network-wide training in theory and methods

(4) Complementary training courses

(5) Involvement in proposal writing, task coordination

(6) Development of skills for the organization of training and scientific events

 

  1. OTHER RELEVANT INFORMATION:

Language policy

  • The corporative language at the Center is English but the national language will be an asset for this particular position
  • The center provides initial level Spanish and Basque lessons to all the international staff members
  • The interview will be conducted entirely in English

 

  1. APPLICATION PROCESS: 

Submission of the application and documentation:

To submit your application, please follow this link:  applying for “PhD Manuel Carreiras (LANGCONN) 2021” and attach the following documentation:

  • A curriculum vitae
  • A statement outlining research interests and motivation to apply for the position
  • Two letters of recommendation

Application process timetable:

  1. Deadline for application: 31/05/2021
  2. Evaluation by committee: 01/06/2021-04/06/2021
  3. Interviews: 07/06/2021-11/06/2021
  4. Final decision: 14/06/2021
  5. Feedback to all applicants: 15/06/2021
  6. Work contract start date: 01/07/2021 (flexible)

Contact details for enquiries: hr@bcbl.eu

Saturday, April 3, 2021

Research assistant / Lab manager position available in the O-Lab at Duke University

 Research assistant / Lab manager position available in the O-Lab at Duke University

 

We are looking for a highly motivated recent or soon-to-be graduate to join the O-Lab, led by Prof. Tobias Overath, in the Department of Psychology & Neuroscience at Duke University. Work in our lab investigates how sounds, from simple sinusoids to complex speech signals, are analyzed in the human brain, using a combination of behavioral (psychoacoustics) and neuroimaging methods (fMRI, EEG, ECoG) to track the underlying neural processes. Current projects investigate the transformation from acoustic to linguistic analysis of temporal speech structure in subcortical and cortical structures of human auditory cortex, online measures of statistical learning, and optimization of cochlear implant coding strategies. 

 

Applicants should have received an undergraduate degree in psychology, neuroscience, biomedical engineering, or a related field by summer 2021. A strong interest in how the brain processes sound is a plus, as is excellent knowledge of at least one programing language (preferably Matlab). Familiarity with fMRI, EEG, and/or a related experimental technique is also very welcome. The main emphasis of the position will be on being involved with, and taking the lead on, research projects, thereby gaining valuable research experience for future applications to graduate school. Bureaucratic aspects of the position (such as scheduling and reimbursement of participants, lab equipment purchases, IRB protocols, etc.) are projected to be comparatively limited.

 

Duke University provides a vibrant, highly connected scientific environment, with many relevant departments and interdisciplinary initiatives (e.g. Departments of NeurobiologyBiomedical EngineeringElectrical and Computer EngineeringCenter for Cognitive NeuroscienceDuke Institute for Brain SciencesBrain Imaging and Analysis Center). In addition, the Research Triangle area (Durham, Chapel Hill, Raleigh) boasts a wealth of research initiatives.

 

Prospective start date is August or September, 2021. Applications will be reviewed until the position is filled. Candidates from diverse and underrepresented backgrounds are expressly encouraged to apply.

Applications should be officially submitted via Duke’s Careers website, requisition ID 108428. In addition, please feel free to also send a cover letter, CV, and a list of 3 potential references, directly to Tobias Overath via email: t.overath@duke.edu

Wednesday, March 31, 2021

Post-doctoral Research Position, University of Iowa


University of Iowa

Human Brain Research Laboratory

Iowa City, IA

Posted 4/1/2021

 

A postdoctoral research position is available in the Human Brain Research Laboratory (HBRL) in the Department of Neurosurgery at the University of Iowa. Our research utilizes human patient volunteers undergoing neurosurgical treatment to investigate the control of speech and interactions between motor and sensory systems related to speech.  We use a collaborative team of investigators and a combination of electrophysiology measures of cortical and subcortical function obtained from implanted surface, depth, and microelectrode recording montages. In addition we utilize functional imaging studies (fMRI) in the same subjects.

 

Applicants must have completed a Ph.D. in a neuroscience or related research field within the last 2-3 years. Preference will be given to applicants with experience in electrophysiology, signal processing, functional imaging analysis, and computational methods including experience with MATLAB. Salary will be commensurate with research experience and based on NIH guidelines for post-doctoral fellows.

 

Applicants should submit a C.V., a letter of interest describing research interests and career goals, and contact information for three professional references to Dr. Jeremy Greenlee at jeremy-greenlee@uiowa.edu. 

Monday, March 15, 2021

A reading list on the neurobiology of syntax

 History/Background

 

Goodglass. Agrammatism in aphasiology

Caramazza, A., & Zurif, E. B. (1976). Dissociation of algorithmic and heuristic processes in sentence comprehension:  Evidence from aphasia. Brain and Language, 3, 572-582.

Linebarger, M. C., Schwartz, M., & Saffran, E. (1983). Sensitivity to grammatical structure in so-called agrammatic aphasics. Cognition, 13, 361-393.

Grodzinsky, Y. (2000). The neurology of syntax: Language use without Broca's area. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 23, 1-21. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/behavioral-and-brain-sciences/article/neurology-of-syntax-language-use-without-brocas-area/FE02A366DD5EB5E8661ED2060738210B

Heeschen, C., & Kolk, H. (1988). Agrammatism and paragrammatism. Aphasiology, 2, 299-302.

Butterworth B, Howard D. 1987. Paragrammatisms. Cognition. 26(1):1–37.

 

What is syntax? (And a little bit of parsing.) 

 

Jackendoff. Précis of Foundations of Language: Brain, Meaning, Grammar, Evolution

http://projects.illc.uva.nl/LaCo/clclab/media/pdfs/2003/zuidema2003c.pdf

Jackendoff. A Parallel Architecture perspective on language processing https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364661303000809

Goldberg. Constructions. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364661303000809

Culicover and Jackendoff. The simpler syntax hypothesis. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364661306001860

Jackendoff & Audring. Relational Morphology. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02241/full

Lewis et al. Computational principles of working memory in sentence comprehension. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364661306002142

Everaert, M. B. H., Huybregts, M. A. C., Chomsky, N., Berwick, R. C., & Bolhuis, J. J. (2015). Structures, Not Strings: Linguistics as Part of the Cognitive Sciences. Trends Cogn Sci, 19(12), 729-743. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2015.09.008

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1364661315002326

 

What’s the Data? – Functional Imaging

 

Friederici, A. D., Ruschemeyer, S. A., Hahne, A., & Fiebach, C. J. (2003). The role of left inferior frontal and superior temporal cortex in sentence comprehension: localizing syntactic and semantic processes. Cereb Cortex, 13(2), 170-177.

Bornkessel, I., Zysset, S., Friederici, A. D., von Cramon, D. Y., & Schlesewsky, M. (2005). Who did what to whom? The neural basis of argument hierarchies during language comprehension. Neuroimage, 26(1), 221-233. doi: S1053-8119(05)00058-3 [pii] 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.01.032

Rogalsky C, Matchin W, Hickok G.Front Hum Neurosci. 2008 Oct 6;2:14. doi: 10.3389/neuro.09.014.2008. Broca's area, sentence comprehension, and working memory: an fMRI Study.

Pallier C, Devauchelle A, Dehaene S. 2011. Cortical representation of the constituent structure of sentences. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 108:2522–2527.

Nelson, M. J., El Karoui, I., Giber, K., Yang, X., Cohen, L., Koopman, H., . . . Dehaene, S. (2017). Neurophysiological dynamics of phrase-structure building during sentence processing. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 114(18), E3669-E3678. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1701590114

Matchin, W., Hammerly, C., & Lau, E. (2017). The role of the IFG and pSTS in syntactic prediction: Evidence from a parametric study of hierarchical structure in fMRI. Cortex, 88, 106-123. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2016.12.010

Pylkkanen, L. (2019). The neural basis of combinatory syntax and semantics. Science, 366(6461), 62-66. doi: 10.1126/science.aax0050

Mollica et al. 2020 Composition is the Core Driver of the Language-selective Network https://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/full/10.1162/nol_a_00005

Fedorenko, E., Blank, I. A., Siegelman, M., & Mineroff, Z. (2020). Lack of selectivity for syntax relative to word meanings throughout the language network. Cognition, 203, 104348. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2020.104348

 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0010027720301670?via%3Dihub

 

What’s the data? Neuropsych

 

Rogalsky et al. The Neurobiology of Agrammatic Sentence Comprehension: A Lesion Study

https://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/full/10.1162/jocn_a_01200

Wilson SM, Galantucci S, Tartaglia MC, Rising K, Patterson DK, Henry ML, Gorno-Tempini ML. 2011. Syntactic processing depends on dorsal language tracts. Neuron. 72:397–403.

Wilson SM, DeMarco AT, Henry ML, Gesierich B, Babiak M, Miller BL, Gorno-Tempini ML. 2016. Variable disruption of a syntactic processing network in primary progressive aphasia. Brain. 139:2994–3006.

Pillay SB, Binder JR, Humphries C, Gross WL, Book DS. 2017. Lesion localization of speech comprehension deficits in chronic aphasia. Neurol. 88:970–975.

den Ouden DB, Malyutina S, Basilakos A, Bonilha L, Gleichgerrcht E, Yourganov G, Hillis AE, Hickok G, Rorden C, Fridriksson J. 2019. Cortical and structural-connectivity damage correlated with impaired syntactic processing in aphasia. Human brain mapping, 40(7): 2153–2173. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/hbm.24514

 

What’s the data? Production

 

Lee, D. K., Fedorenko, E., Simon, M. V., Curry, W. T., Nahed, B. V., Cahill, D. P., & Williams, Z. M. (2018). Neural encoding and production of functional morphemes in the posterior temporal lobe. Nat Commun, 9(1), 1877. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-04235-3

 

Chang, et al. Selective Interference with Syntactic Encoding during Sentence Production by Direct Electrocortical Stimulation of the Inferior Frontal Gyrus https://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/full/10.1162/jocn_a_01215

 

Wilson, S. M., Henry, M. L., Besbris, M., Ogar, J. M., Dronkers, N. F., Jarrold, W., . . . Gorno-Tempini, M. L. (2010). Connected speech production in three variants of primary progressive aphasia. Brain, 133(Pt 7), 2069-2088. doi: 10.1093/brain/awq129

 

Matchin, W., Basilakos, A., Stark B. C., den Ouden, D., Fridriksson, J., Hickok, G. (2020). Agrammatism and paragrammatism: a cortical double dissociation revealed by lesion-symptom mapping. Neurobiology of Language. https://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/full/10.1162/nol_a_00010

 

Models

 

Grodzinsky, Y., & Santi, A. (2008). The battle for Broca's region. Trends Cogn Sci, 12(12), 474-480. doi: S1364-6613(08)00222-2 [pii]

10.1016/j.tics.2008.09.001

Sprouse & Lau. Syntax and the Brain  https://sprouse.uconn.edu/papers/Sprouse%20and%20Lau%202013%20-%20CHGS.pdf

Hagoort, P. MUC (Memory, Unification, Control): A Model on the Neurobiology of Language Beyond Single Word Processing

https://pure.mpg.de/rest/items/item_2193289/component/file_2193288/content

Hagoort, P., & Indefrey, P. (2014). The neurobiology of language beyond single words. Annu Rev Neurosci, 37, 347-362. doi: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-071013-013847

Friederici, A. Neural basis for human syntax: Broca’s area and beyond https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352154617301286

Matchin & Hickok 2020. The cortical organization of syntax. Cerebral Cortex. https://academic.oup.com/cercor/article-abstract/30/3/1481/5588467

Thursday, March 11, 2021

Postdoctoral Fellow Position in Speech Neuroscience - Univ. of South Carolina + UC Irvine

 

 

Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders

 

 

Postdoctoral Fellow Position in Speech Neuroscience 

 

The Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders at the University of South Carolina is inviting applicants for an NIH-funded post-doctoral fellow position in the Speech Neuroscience Lab. Our research is focused on studying the sensorimotor mechanisms of speech and their impairments in neurogenic populations with post-stroke aphasia. Excellent facilities for EEG, fMRI, tDCS, and behavioral testing are available. The fellow will have an exciting opportunity to pursue collaborative and self-directed projects at the Center for the Study of Aphasia Recovery at the University of South Carolina, the Department of Neurology at Medical University of South Carolina, and the Department of Cognitive and Language Sciences at the University of California, Irvine.

 

The post-doctoral fellow will be involved in coordinating research activities, experimental design, data acquisition and analysis of behavioral, EEG and fMRI data and will contribute to several projects in the lab and will collaborate on writing of manuscripts, grant proposals and conference presentations. Candidates with a PhD in Communication Sciences and Disorders, Speech and Hearing Science and other related fields (e.g., Neuroscience, Cognitive Science, Engineering and Psychology) are welcome to apply. Salary will be commensurate with experience. The post-doctoral fellow should have experience with collecting data in human subjects and should have training in signal processing and statistics. Experience with EEG and fMRI data collection and analysis, MATLAB programming and SPSS are preferred.

 

Applicants must submit an online application at USC Jobs website: https://uscjobs.sc.edu/ (Posting Number: STA00180PO21). Materials must include: 1) a cover letter; 2) a current CV; and 3) contact information for three references. Review of applications will begin on April 15, 2021 and will continue until the position is filled. 

 

Questions should be directed to: Roozbeh Behroozmand, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of South Carolina, 915 Greene St, Rm. 202B, Columbia, SC 29208 – r-behroozmand@sc.edu

 

For more information about our lab, please visit our websites at:

 

Speech Neuroscience Lab:

https://sc.edu/study/colleges_schools/public_health/research/research_areas/communication_sciences_and_disorders/speech_neuroscience_lab/index.php

 

Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders:https://sc.edu/study/colleges_schools/public_health/study/areas_of_study/communication_sciences_and_disorders/index.php

 

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Monday, March 8, 2021

Towards a New Functional Anatomy of Language: A Proposal for a Special Issue of Cognition, circa 2001

The following is our proposal for a special issue of Cognition submitted to Jacques Mehler in 2000 and then accepted after a couple of rounds of review in January 2001. The proposal was almost a mini paper itself! It finally appeared in print in the May 2004 issue.



Towards a New Functional Anatomy of Language

 

A Proposal for a Special Issue of Cognition

 

Gregory Hickok 

Department of Cognitive Sciences

University of California, Irvine

 

David Poeppel

Department of Linguistics, and

Department of Biology

University of Maryland, College Park

 

Accepted 24 January 2001

 

There has been virtually no progress in the development of models of the functional anatomy of language since the late 19th century.  Although this statement may appear to be an overstatement, it is difficult to refute.  To be sure, there has been a tremendous accumulation of knowledge within the field since the first anatomical model of language was put forth by Wernicke in 1874:  We now have a far better understanding (i) of the nature of language representation, (ii) of the stages and operations involved in processing language in real time, (iii) of the symptom complex of aphasia and the distribution of lesions linked to these various symptoms and syndromes, (iv) of the brain regions which are physiologically active while normal subjects perform various language tasks, and (v) of the structure and functional organization of the brain generally. But despite this accumulation of knowledge, there is no functional anatomical model of language which does a better job at capturing the range of empirical facts than Wernicke’s 1874 model, even with its many acknowledged shortcomings. 

 

Put another way, the parallel development of linguistic and psycholinguistic facts and models on the one hand, and anatomical facts and models on the other, has remained just that, parallel.  This observation is highlighted by a figure (reproduced below), from the language chapter in Gazzaniga et al.’s recent (1998) Cognitive Neuroscience textbook, which shows a version of Levelt’s psycholinguistic model and its (non-)relation to brain organization.  

 


 

The primary goal of this special issue to push the field closer to bridging this gap.  Explicit attempts at bridging this gap have already begun in the form of several recent publications by a number of authors, using a wide variety of cognitive neuroscientific methods.  Several authors, for example, have made serious attempts to link portions of psycholinguistic models with the brain systems that support them (Blumstein, 1995; Boatman, et al., 1998; Indefrey & Levelt, 2000; Ullman, et al., 1997). Others have been instrumental in challenging misconceptions of the neuroanatomy of language (Anderson, et al., 1999; Dronkers, Redfern, & Knight, 2000; Hickok & Poeppel, 2000; Norris & Wise, 2000), and even identifying new regions involved in language processes (Damasio, Grabowski, Tranel, Hichwa, & Damasio, 1996; Dronkers, 1996).  Still others have made an effort to reinterpret the functional anatomy of language in terms consistent with what is known about functional brain organization more generally (Aboitiz & García V., 1997; Hickok & Poeppel, 2000; Ullman, et al., 1997).  It is time to bring these fresh perspectives together in one volume.

 

We have invited several of the leaders of this “new movement” to contribute a paper for a special issue of Cognition; all have accepted.  Each author has been presented with the charge to write a paper which not only provides a competent review of the data within a sub-field of language-brain research, but attempts to place those facts in a theoretical context. This context may be a psycholinguistic theory, an existing or novel functional anatomical model, or ideally, both.  This charge precludes reviews that are merely progress reports from the author’s lab, or lists of recent findings.  Instead, the papers will generate new testable hypotheses, which will serve to guide future work.  

 

The contributors represent a wide range of sub-domains of language-brain research – e.g., speech perception, lexical and morphological processes, syntactic processes, speech production, working memory -- as well as a wide range of methodological techniques – e.g., imaging, lesion, cortical stimulation, split brain, neurodegeneration.  These authors were carefully chosen.  Since our goal is to spark further development of integrative large-scale models of the functional anatomy of language, we chose contributors with complementary theoretical and methodological backgrounds.  And while individual authors inevitably have specific expertise in, or bias towards, a particular method or theoretical approach, we have asked authors to adopt a broader perspective, both in data and theory, in the development of their contributions.  One way we plan to do this is to encourage interaction among the contributors during the manuscript preparation process which will allow authors to draw on the resources and expertise of other members of the group. (For example, we have established a web-site accessible to contributors where we will post manuscript abstracts, outlines, drafts, and so on.)  Our expectation is that together, this collection of papers will provide a scaffolding for the further development of new large scale models of the functional anatomy of language.  

 

Outline of the Special Issue

 

The authors listed below comprise our final list of contributors.  All have accepted our invitation to contribute a paper.  

 

The first two papers (Wise & Scott, and Boatman) address the cortical organization of auditory perception of speech up to the word level.  Wise & Scott start with a review of neuropsychological and physiological data to paint a general picture of the neural basis of speech perception and then draw on evidence from functional neuroimaging to further parcel out the subdivisions of auditory cortex.  Wise & Scott’s emphasis will be on pre-lexical processes.  Boatman addresses a similar issue with an increase in emphasis on higher-level issues concerning the interface between sub-lexical, lexical, and post-lexical processes in the perception/comprehension of speech.  She will draw on her expertise with a wide range of lesion-based work (broadly construed to include stimulation mapping, split brain, Wada, and aphasia studies). 

 

The next three papers (Dronkers et al; Ullman; and Friederici) deal with the neural basis of lexical and grammatical processes. Dronkers et al. will review word- and sentence-level comprehension deficits in aphasia and present two new large-scale lesion studies addressing this issue with special emphasis on how word- and sentence-level processes interact in language comprehension.  Ullman will focus on the psycholinguistic distinction between lexical and grammatical processes, using data from a wide variety of sources to argue for a neural distinction between lexicon and grammar that parallels the distinction between explicit and procedural knowledge more generally.  Friederici will review evidence for the recent suggestion that syntactic processes may be supported by anterior temporal lobe systems.  She will also discuss possible roles for Broca’s area in syntactic processing, and how these temporal and frontal systems may interact. 

 

The sixth and seventh papers (Levelt & Indefrey; and Damasio et al.) will tackle the issue of the anatomy of speech production.  Levelt & Indefrey will attempt to make sense of a large number of functional imaging studies of speech production by decomposing the tasks into psycholinguistically relevant components.  On the basis of this meta-analysis, and with supporting data from other methods, they will argue for a set of anatomical correlates of psycholinguistic models of speech production.  Damasio et al. will present a major review of the neuroanatomy of lexical access in categorical naming along with the new experiments from their lab.

 

The final paper (Hickok & Poeppel) will propose a new model of the functional anatomy of language (including working memory) which integrates findings from psycholinguistics, aphasia, neuroimaging, and the surgical-based techniques.  A central theme of the proposal is that the functional anatomy of language can be understood in terms of more general models of functional anatomy. 


List of Contributors and Paper Titles

 

 

Introduction: Towards a New Functional Anatomy of Language 

Gregory Hickok and David Poeppel

(10 pages)

 

Organisation of Cortical Systems for Speech Perception 

Richard Wise and Sophie Scott

(30 pages)

 

Neural Bases of Auditory Language Processing: New Evidence from Lesion Studies 

Dana Boatman

(15 pages)

 

Lesion Analysis of Word- and Sentence-Level Comprehension Deficits in Aphasia

Nina F. Dronkers, David P. Wilkins, Robert D. Van Valin Jr., Brenda B. Redfern and Jeri J. Jaeger

(40 pages)

 

The Contribution of Brain Memory Circuits to Language

Michael Ullman 

(35 pages)

 

Neural Basis of Syntactic Processing

Angela Friederici

(25 pages)

 

The Spatial and Temporal Signatures of Language Production Components

Willem J.M. Levelt and Peter Indefrey

(30 pages)

 

Neural Correlates of Category Related Naming

H. Damasio, A. Damasio, D. Tranel, T. Grabowski and R. Adolphs

(50 pages)

 

Dorsal and Ventral Streams in Speech and Language Processes 

Gregory Hickok and David Poeppel

(45 pages)

 

 


Gregory Hickok and David Poeppel

University of California, Irvine, and University of Maryland, College Park

 

Towards a New Functional Anatomy of Language

 

1.0 The Old Functional Anatomy of Language

1.1  What's right with the Wernicke-Lichtheim model

1.2  What's wrong with the Wernicke-Lichtheim model

 

2.0 The New Functional Anatomy of Language

2.1 Why we need it: there has been no viable replacement for Wernicke-Lichtheim

2.2 Why it's possible now: advances in neuroscience and technology

2.3 Why it hasn't yet emerged: lack of integration across neuroscience sub-fields and methods 

2.4 What it should look like: constraints on model development

 

3.0 Towards a New Functional Anatomy of Language: The Present Issue


Richard Wise and Sophie Scott

MRC Cyclotron Unit, Hammersmith Hospital, London, and

Institute of Cognitive Neurosciences, University College London

 

Organisation of Cortical Systems for Speech Perception

 

Using a variety of speech, speech-like and non-speech stimuli, PET and fMRI studies have demonstrated that the lateral left superior temporal gyrus responds specifically to the phonetic content of speech or speech-like stimuli. PET studies have further demonstrated that the anterior part of the left superior temporal sulcus (STS) responds specifically to intelligible speech: this is a region readily overlooked in fMRI studies because of the presence of susceptibility artefact. PET and fMRI studies have also demonstrated auditory processing of speech in the left posterior temporal cortex. One part, directed along the supratemporal cortical plane, responds to both non-speech and speech sounds, including the sound of the speaker’s own voice. Activity in its most posterior and medial part, at the junction with the inferior parietal lobe, is linked to speech production rather than perception: this region co-activates with the left anterior insula and the most posterior part of the left inferior frontal gyrus during both propositional and non-propositional speech production. A more lateral and ventral region, in the posterior left superior temporal sulcus, responds both to an external source of speech and to the recall of lists of words during verbal fluency tasks. The results are compatible with a hypothesis that these adjacent regions of the posterior superior temporal cortex are specialised for processes involved in the mimicry of sounds, including repetition. The overall conclusion from these results is that there is a left-lateralised anterior stream of auditory processing for word recognition, and a posterior stream that interfaces with speech production, a system responsible, during language acquisition, for speech rehearsal and the laying down of long term lexical memories.

 

The perception of sentences and narratives, but not single words, activates the left temporo-parieto-occipital junction. We speculate that this area is responsible for ‘on-line’ verbal short term memory, necessary for relating the different, serially-perceived elements of sentences, words, phrases and clauses, to enable comprehension of sentences, particularly those with complex grammatical structures.

 

The lateral part of the right superior temporal cortex is also activated by the perception of speech. Using appropriate stimuli it is proving possible to demonstrate that it is the non-verbal components of communication, such as pitch and intonation, that are responsible for this response: this accords well with lesion data.

 

The basal language area, the left mid and anterior fusiform gyrus, which probably comprises the lateral parahippocampal and perirhinal cortex, is more strongly activated by high imageable than low imageable nouns. Activation of this area is most readily observed when subjects listen to narratives. This is multi-modal association cortex, and is, we speculate, a region involved in the semantic processing of speech and language, with some category-specificity (object > abstract words). It has strong reciprocal anatomical connections with the STS. The anterior STS also projects to the anterior temporal pole, and both infero-lateral and rostral prefrontal cortex. Co-activation of all these regions is observed when subjects perform explicit semantic tasks on verbal stimuli, when a choice has to signalled after mapping several possible semantic associations of a word with the subject’s interpretation of the choice he is being asked to make (e.g. can a human be a lemon?). In contrast, on-line perception of straightforward sentences and narratives activates only temporo-parietal regions, with no premotor or prefrontal cortical involvement.

 

Therefore, although incomplete, a picture is emerging of specific streams of processing during speech perception, and the onward projections from these streams can be partially segregated into those that interface with the premotor systems responsible for speech production and those that link with multi-modal association cortex responsible for accessing word meaning and holding verbal elements in short term memory. At the highest level, when an overt or covert decision must be made between of one of several meanings of an ambiguous verbal stimulus, amodal rostral prefrontal cortex is involved.

 


Dana Boatman

Johns Hopkins University

 

Neural Bases of Auditory Language Processing: 

New Evidence from Lesion Studies

 

Outline

 

I.               The traditional left hemisphere (unilateral) model of speech perception, first proposed in the 1960s, is still widely accepted today.

II.             This model is based largely on studies of left hemisphere stroke patients with posterior cortical lesions and associated receptive aphasias.

III.           Discuss limitations of extrapolating from stroke studies to neural bases of speech perception, including issues of bilateral subcortical auditory projections, lesion size, lesion location, presbycusis, and lack of premorbid data.

IV.          Describe new generation of clinical lesion studies of speech perception that avoid limitations of traditional stroke models. Discuss particular lesion techniques, including cortical stimulation, Wada testing, hemispherectomy, transcranial magnetic stimulation.

V.            Review recent speech perception lesion studies that challenge the traditional left hemisphere model of speech perception by showing that: 

1)    lesions of Wernicke's area do not necessarily produce speech perception (phonological) deficits, but instead may selectively impair access to lexical-semantic information from audition (discussion of cortical stimulation studies, re-analysis of stroke studies). 

2)    the speech perception capabilities of the right hemisphere have been underestimated (discuss recent Wada studies, aphasia recovery studies; hemispherectomy studies); 

3)    under certain listening conditions, speech perception appears to require both hemispheres (discuss two of our recent hemispherectomy studies; supporting evidence from neuroimaging literature and electrophysiology (PET and fMRI studies, Wise & Scott chapter) and how data provide support for claims by Hickok & Poeppel 2000).

VI.          Argue for revision/rejection of traditional left hemisphere model of speech perception warrants based on recent lesion evidence. Revised model to include a critical role for both hemispheres in speech perception, recognition that different cortical circuits may be invoked for different speech perception tasks, and greater intra-hemispheric interaction between different cortical regions involved in speech perception. 

 

 


Nina F. Dronkers1,2, David P. Wilkins3, Robert D. Van Valin Jr.4, Brenda B. Redfern1,2 and Jeri J. Jaeger4

 

1 VA Northern California Health Care System

2 University of California, Davis

3 Max-Planck-Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen

4 State University of New York at Buffalo

 

Lesion Analysis of Word- and Sentence-Level Comprehension Deficits in Aphasia

 

1.0  Introduction

2.0  Lexical- and Sentence-Level Comprehension Deficits in Aphasia: A Critical Review

3.0  Experiment 1: Neuroanatomy of Single Word Comprehension Deficits in Aphasia

4.0  Experiment 2: Neuroanatomy of Sentence Comprehension Deficits in Aphasia

5.0  Converging Evidence from Other Methodologies

6.0  Relation Between Comprehension and Production Systems

7.0  Summary and Conclusions

 

 

 


Michael Ullman

Georgetown University

 

The contribution of brain memory circuits to language

 

Our use of language depends upon two capacities: a mental lexicon of memorized words, and a mental grammar of rules that underlie the sequential and hierarchical composition of lexical forms into predictably structured larger words, phrases, and sentences.  

 

The Declarative/Procedural model posits that the lexicon/grammar distinction in language is tied to the distinction between two well-studied brain memory systems.  On this view, the memorization and use of at least simple words (those with non-compositional — that is, arbitrary —  form-meaning pairings) depends upon an associative memory of distributed representations that is subserved by temporal-lobe circuits previously implicated in the learning and use of fact and event knowledge.  This “declarative memory” system appears to be specialized for learning arbitrarily-related information (i.e., for associative binding).  In contrast, the acquisition and use of aspects of symbol-manipulating grammatical are subserved by frontal/basal-ganglia circuits previously implicated in the implicit (non-conscious) learning and expression of motor and cognitive “skills” (e.g., from simple motor acts to skilled game playing).  This “procedural” system may be specialized for computing sequences.  

 

This novel view of lexicon and grammar offers an alternative to the two main competing theoretical frameworks.  It shares the perspective of traditional Dual-Mechanism theories in positing that the mental lexicon and a symbol-manipulating mental grammar are subserved by distinct computational components that may be linked to distinct brain structures.  However, it diverges from these theories where they assume components dedicated to each of the two language capacities (that is, domain-specific), and in their common assumption that lexical memory is a rote list of items.  Conversely, while it shares with Single-Mechanism theories the perspective that the two capacities are subserved by domain-independent computational mechanisms, it diverges from them where they link both capacities to a single associative memory system with broad anatomic distribution. 

 

The Declarative/Procedural model, but neither traditional Dual-Mechanism nor Single-Mechanism models, predicts double dissociations between lexicon and grammar, with associations among associative memory properties, memorized words and facts, and temporal-lobe structures, and among symbol-manipulation properties, grammatical rule-products, motor skills, and frontal/basal-ganglia structures.  

 

Although data from studies of syntactic computation (in particular, of syntactic structure building), and of phonological sequencing are presented, the paper focuses on morphology.  The investigation of morphologically complex forms allow one to contrast lexicon and grammar while holding other factors relatively constant.  Morphological transformations that are (largely) unproductive (e.g., in go-went, solemn-solemnity) are hypothesized to be memorized in declarative memory.  These have been contrasted with morphological transformations that are fully productive (e.g., in walk-walked, happy-happiness), whose computation is posited to be dependent upon grammatical rules subserved by the procedural system.  

 

Multiple lines of evidence are presented, from a number of languages (including  English, Italian, German, and Japanese), using a range of psycholinguistic and neurolinguistic approaches, including: the examination of frequency, neighborhood, imageability, working memory, and priming effects; the behavioral testing of patients with developmental, acquired, and neurodegenerative disorders, including Specific Language Impairment, Phenylketonuria, Williams syndrome, posterior and anterior aphasia, and Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and Huntington’s diseases; and neuroimaging, using fMRI, EEG/ERPs, and MEG.  In addition, evidence will be presented that suggests differences in the relative lexical/grammatical reliance on the two memory systems between men and women, and between first and second language speakers.  Finally, implications from the model for therapeutic approaches to language disorders are discussed, and supporting evidence is presented.

 


Angela Friederici

Max Planck Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience

 

Neural Basis of Syntactic Processing

 

Traditionally left frontal and temporal language areas have been functionally defined as supporting production and comprehension, respectively. More recently the distinction has been made between syntactic and lexical-semantic processes. Here the view will be put forward that both frontal and temporal brain areas are involved in syntactic processes during language comprehension. The functional specification of these areas describes the anterior part of the superior temporal gyrus (planum polare) and the inferior frontal gyrus to support syntactic processing during sentence comprehension as indicated by fMRI.

Both areas are involved in early structure building processes during comprehension as shown by MEG results. The particular function the planum polare might play, is to access word category information which is a necessary pre-condition to engage structure building processes. This information provides immediate access to all of the syntactic rules involving a given category and is thus, the basis for rule application procedures possibly supported by the inferior frontal gyrus. The high automaticity of these procedures only leads to minimal activation in the frontal region when processing simple sentences.

The inferior frontal gyrus (BA 44) is shown to come into play more strongly when syntactic processes become more demanding, be it due to an increase in syntactic memory requirement as in long distance dependencies or be it due to an increase in the attentional demands on syntactic features as in certain tasks.

 


Willem J.M. Levelt and Peter Indefrey

Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics

 

The spatial and temporal signatures of language production components

 

In a recent meta-analysis (Indefrey & Levelt, 2000) we have identified a left-lateralized cerebral network for the core processes of word production. The brain activation patterns that were reliably induced by different word production tasks turned out to be compatible with a theory-driven analysis of the functional processing components of the respective tasks. This allowed a tentative identification of the neural correlates of single processing components, such as lexical word-form retrieval and post-lexical phonological encoding.

In the present work we will investigate the implications of these findings in two directions.  (i) Relations of cerebral regions to specific processing components predict not only their activation in a certain set of experimental tasks, but also time-windows in which this activation should be observed. We will examine whether the available electrophysiological and magneto-encephalographic data on language production are compatible with the predicted time-windows. (ii) There is solid evidence from psycholinguistic experiments demonstrating an influence of language comprehension processes on simultaneously occurring language production processes and vice versa. There is also evidence, however, that the two processing streams do not simply recruit all processing components in the opposite direction. It is a controversial and to date unresolved question, which processing steps are bidirectional, involving shared processing components, and which are not. In the present work, we will extend the meta-analysis procedure developed in Indefrey & Levelt (2000) to investigate the locations of cerebral activations during selected language comprehension and production tasks in a common anatomical reference space. This will allow the identification of sets of cerebral areas that are shared between different production and comprehension tasks. In a further step we will attempt to link the functional neuroanatomical data to the shared processing components to be identified in a theory-based task analysis.

 

1.0 The functional organization of word production

1.1. The components of word production

1.2. The time course of word production

1.3. Effects of comprehension on word production

2.0 Cerebral regions involved in word production and comprehension - a meta-analysis

2.1. A component analysis of word production and comprehension tasks

2.2. Meta-analysis procedures

2.3. Neural correlates of task-specific lead-in processes

2.4. Neural correlates of the core processes of word production

2.5. Shared neural correlates of word production and comprehension processes

3.0 The time course of cerebral activations during word production

3.1. Time-windows of interaction between word production and comprehension

3.2. Integrating temporal and spatial information - a tentative flow-chart of word production


H. Damasio, A. Damasio, D. Tranel, T. Grabowski and R. Adolphs

University of Iowa

 

Neural Correlates of Category Related Naming

 

1.0 Introduction 

2.0 Theoretical framework

3.0 Methods issues

4.0 Evidence from lesion studies

5.0 Evidence from functional imaging

6.0 A neuroanatomical architecture for word retrieval

 


Gregory Hickok and David Poeppel

University of California, Irvine, and University of Maryland, College Park

 

Dorsal and Ventral Streams in Speech and Language Processes

 

1.0 Preliminaries

1.1 A Perspective on Linguistic Specificity in Neural Organization

1.2 On Tasks and Goals in Language Processing and Brain Mapping

2.0 Overview of the Model

3.0 Task Dissociations in "Speech Perception"

3.1 Aphasia

3.2 Split Brain

3.3 Neuroimaging

3.4 Illiteracy

4.0 The Ventral Stream(s?)

4.1 Bilateral organization at the lowest levels of the processing hierarchy

4.1.2 Wernicke's footnote

4.1.2 Brief review of evidence: aphasia, word deafness, split brains, imaging, stimulation

4.2 Asymmetries embedded in bilateral organization

4.3 The sound-meaning interface

4.4 Speculations on grammatical processes in anterior superior temporal lobe

5.0 The Dorsal Stream

5.1 Sensory-motor integration in the parietal lobe

5.2 Sensory-motor integration in speech

5.2.1 Developmental requirements

5.2.2 Operation in the adult 

            5.2.2.1 Repetition of pseudowords

            5.2.2.2 Altered auditory feedback experiments

            5.2.2.3 Shadowing latency suggests efficient S-M system

5.2.3 Role in phonological working memory

5.2.4 Role in sub-lexical speech tasks

5.3 Localization

5.3.1 Working memory tasks

5.3.2 Sub-lexical speech tasks

6.0 Perception-Production Overlap in Posterior "Sensory" Cortex

6.1 Evidence from aphasia

6.2 Evidence from stimulation mapping

6.3 Evidence from neuroimaging

6.4 Evidence from cytoarchitectonics

6.5 Relation to Motor-Theory of Speech Perception

6.6 On mirror neurons

7.0 Understanding Aphasia

7.1 Word deafness

7.2 Conduction aphasia

7.3 Transcortical sensory aphasia

7.4 Wernicke's aphasia
References

 

Aboitiz, F., & García V., R. (1997). The evolutionary origin of language areas in the human brain.  A neuroanatomical perspective. Brain Research Reviews, 25, 381-396.

 

Anderson, J.M., Gilmore, R., Roper, S., Crosson, B., Bauer, R.M., Nadeau, S., Beversdorf, D.Q., Cibula, J., Rogish III, M., Kortencamp, S., Hughes, J.D., Gonzalez Rothi, L.J., & Heilman, K.M. (1999). Conduction aphasia and the arcuate fasciculus: A reexamination of the Wernicke-Geschwind model. Brain and Language, 70, 1-12.

 

Blumstein, S. (1995). The neurobiology of the sound structure of language. In M.S. Gazzaniga (Ed.), The cognitive neurosciences (pp. 913-929). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

 

Boatman, D., Hart, J.J., Lesser, R.P., Honeycutt, N., Anderson, N.B., Miglioretti, D., & Gordon, B. (1998). Right hemisphere speech perception revealed by amobarbital injection and electrical interference. Neurology, 51, 458-464.

 

Damasio, H., Grabowski, T.J., Tranel, D., Hichwa, R.D., & Damasio, A.R. (1996). A neural basis for lexical retrieval. Nature, 380, 499-505.

 

Dronkers, N.F. (1996). A new brain region for coordinating speech articulation. Nature, 384, 159-161.

 

Dronkers, N.F., Redfern, B.B., & Knight, R.T. (2000). The neural architecture of language disorders. In M.S. Gazzaniga (Ed.), The new cognitive neurosciences (pp. 949-958). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

 

Hickok, G., & Poeppel, D. (2000). Towards a functional neuroanatomy of speech perception. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4, 131-138.

 

Indefrey, P., & Levelt, W.J.M. (2000). The neural correlates of language production. In M.S. Gazzaniga (Ed.), The new cognitive neurosciences (pp. 845-865). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

 

Norris, D., & Wise, R. (2000). The study of prelexical and lexical processes in comprehension:  Psycholinguistics and functional neuroimaging. In M.S. Gazzaniga (Ed.), The new cognitive neurosciences (pp. 867-880). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

 

Ullman, M.T., Corkin, S., Coppola, M., Hickok, G., Growdon, J.H., Koroshetz, W.J., & Pinker, S. (1997). A neural dissociation within language:  Evidence that the mental dictionary is part of declarative memory, and that grammatical rules are processed by the procedure system. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 9, 266-276.